Judiciary Articles (Union)

The Union Judiciary of India, which is a crucial component of the Indian Constitution, is primarily detailed in Part V, Chapter IV of the Constitution. It outlines the structure, powers, and functions of the Supreme Court of India. 

Here are the key articles related to the Union Judiciary:

1. Article 124: Establishment and Constitution of the Supreme Court

   • Provides for the establishment of the Supreme Court of India and details its composition, including the Chief Justice and other judges appointed by the President of India.

2. Article 125: Salaries, Allowances, and Pensions of the Judges

   • Specifies that the salaries, allowances, and pensions of Supreme Court judges are determined by Parliament and are not subject to diminution during their tenure.

3. Article 126: Acting Chief Justice

   • Provides for the appointment of an Acting Chief Justice when the Chief Justice is unable to perform their duties.

4. Article 127: Appointment of Ad Hoc Judges

   • Allows for the appointment of ad hoc judges to the Supreme Court when needed, to assist in cases.

5. Article 128: Attendance of Retired Judges

   • Permits retired judges of the Supreme Court to sit and act as judges of the Court if requested by the President.

6. Article 129: Supreme Court to be a Court of Record

   • Establishes the Supreme Court as a court of record, meaning it has the power to keep a permanent record of its proceedings and judgments.

7. Article 130: Seat of the Supreme Court

   • Specifies that the Supreme Court shall sit in Delhi or at any other place as determined by Parliament.

8. Article 131: Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

   • Provides the Supreme Court with original jurisdiction in disputes between the Union and States, or between different States.

9. Article 132: Appellate Jurisdiction in Constitutional Cases

   • Gives the Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction over cases involving questions of law or constitutional interpretation.

10. Article 133: Appellate Jurisdiction in Civil Cases

    • Provides the Supreme Court with appellate jurisdiction in civil cases where the value of the subject matter exceeds a certain threshold.

11. Article 134: Appellate Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases

    • Details the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases, especially those where a person has been sentenced to death.

12. Article 135: Jurisdiction and Powers of the Supreme Court

    • Addresses the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over matters arising under laws made by Parliament.

13. Article 136: Special Leave to Appeal

    • Allows the Supreme Court to grant special leave to appeal against any judgment, decree, or order of any court or tribunal.

14. Article 137: Review of Judgments

    • Provides the Supreme Court with the power to review its own judgments or orders.

15. Article 138: Powers of the Supreme Court to Transfer Cases

    • Grants the Supreme Court the power to transfer cases and appeals from one court or tribunal to another.

16. Article 139: Transfer of Cases and Appeals

    • Gives the Supreme Court the authority to transfer cases or appeals if it is necessary to do so in the interests of justice.

17. Article 140: Powers to Issue Certain Writs

    • Authorizes the Supreme Court to issue writs, orders, or directions for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose.

18. Article 141: Law Declared by the Supreme Court to be Binding

    • States that the law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts within India.

19. Article 142: Enforcement of Orders and Judgments

    • Empowers the Supreme Court to pass orders and judgments for the enforcement of its decisions.

20. Article 143: Advisory Jurisdiction

    • Provides for the Supreme Court’s advisory jurisdiction, where the President can refer questions of law or fact for the Court’s advice.

21. Article 144: Civil and Judicial Authorities to Act in Aid of the Supreme Court

    • Mandates that all civil and judicial authorities act in aid of the Supreme Court.

22. Article 145: Rules of the Supreme Court

    • Allows the Supreme Court to make rules for the conduct of its proceedings.

23. Article 146: Appointment of Officers and Staff

    • Authorizes the appointment of officers and staff of the Supreme Court as determined by the President.

24. Article 147: Interpretation of the Constitution

    • Provides for the interpretation of the Constitution by the Supreme Court in relation to its own powers.

These articles collectively establish the Supreme Court of India, define its jurisdiction and powers, and provide the framework for its operation, ensuring it can effectively uphold the Constitution and dispense justice.