Judiciary Articles (State)

The State Judiciary in India, which is responsible for administering justice at the state level, is detailed in Part VI of the Indian Constitution. This part covers the structure and powers of the High Courts and other state judicial institutions. Here’s a summary of the relevant articles:

Part VI – The States

Chapter V – The High Courts in the States

1. Article 214: High Courts for States

   • Provides for the establishment of a High Court for each state or for two or more states combined.

2. Article 215: High Courts to be Courts of Record

   • Establishes that every High Court shall be a court of record, meaning it will maintain a permanent record of its proceedings and judgments.

3. Article 216: Constitution of High Courts

   • Specifies the constitution of the High Court, including the Chief Justice and other judges appointed by the President of India.

4. Article 217: Appointment and Conditions of Service of High Court Judges

   • Provides for the appointment of High Court judges by the President of India, in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the state. It also details their conditions of service, including tenure, salaries, and allowances.

5. Article 218: Conditions of Service of High Court Judges

   • Details the conditions of service, including the tenure and salary of High Court judges, ensuring their independence and security of tenure.

6. Article 219: Oath or Affirmation by the Judges of High Courts

   • Mandates that judges of the High Courts take an oath or affirmation before assuming office, pledging to uphold the Constitution and perform their duties impartially.

7. Article 220: Restriction on Practice after Retirement

   • Imposes restrictions on the practice of law by retired High Court judges to prevent conflicts of interest.

8. Article 221: Salaries and Allowances of High Court Judges

   • Provides for the determination of salaries and allowances of High Court judges by Parliament.

9. Article 222: Transfer of High Court Judges

   • Allows for the transfer of High Court judges from one High Court to another, as deemed necessary by the President.

10. Article 223: Appointment of Acting Chief Justice

    • Provides for the appointment of an Acting Chief Justice of a High Court when the Chief Justice is unable to perform their duties.

11. Article 224: Appointment of Additional and Acting Judges

    • Provides for the appointment of additional or acting judges to High Courts as needed.

12. Article 224A: Appointment of Retired Judges

    • Allows the appointment of retired judges of a High Court to act as judges temporarily if required.

13. Article 225: Jurisdiction of High Courts

    • Details the jurisdiction of High Courts, including their power to hear appeals and matters related to laws and constitutional issues.

14. Article 226: Power of High Courts to Issue Writs

    • Grants High Courts the power to issue writs, orders, or directions for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for other purposes.

15. Article 227: Supervisory Jurisdiction of High Courts

    • Provides the High Courts with supervisory jurisdiction over all subordinate courts and tribunals within their territorial jurisdiction.

16. Article 228: High Court to Determine the Constitutionality of Laws

    • Empowers High Courts to determine the constitutionality of laws in their jurisdiction.

17. Article 229: Rules of High Courts

    • Allows High Courts to make rules for regulating their procedures and the conduct of their business.

18. Article 230: Extension of Jurisdiction of High Courts

    • Provides for the extension of the jurisdiction of High Courts to include certain matters not originally within their jurisdiction.

19. Article 231: Creation of New High Courts

    • Authorizes Parliament to create new High Courts for any state or for more than one state.

Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits

Chapter IV – Contracts and Suits

1. Article 300: Suits and Proceedings by or Against the Government
   • Provides that the government can sue or be sued in the same manner as individuals or entities.

These articles collectively define the structure, powers, and functions of the High Courts in the Indian states, ensuring a robust and independent judicial system at the state level.